Summary
Nasal operations can improve airflow, correct structural problems and, in selected cases, change the external shape of the nose. Procedures include septoplasty, functional or cosmetic rhinoplasty and turbinate reduction. The right operation depends on a careful examination, the cause of the symptoms and a clear discussion of realistic benefits and risks with the surgeon.
The function of the nose
The nose is important for breathing and smell. It warms, humidifies and filters inhaled air and also contributes to voice resonance and facial appearance. Problems range from temporary swelling during a cold to structural narrowing such as a deviated septum or enlarged inferior turbinates. Not every blocked nose requires surgery; allergy, inflammation and medication use should also be assessed.
Types of nasal surgery
- Septoplasty: the surgeon straightens or reshapes the internal septum to improve airflow. Incisions are usually inside the nose, so there is generally no visible scar. Splints or packing are used only when required.
- Functional or cosmetic rhinoplasty: the bone and cartilage framework can be altered to improve breathing, appearance or both. Most incisions are internal, although an external approach may use a small incision across the tissue between the nostrils. Scars and swelling vary with the technique.
- Turbinate reduction: enlarged inferior turbinates can be reduced with radiofrequency, cautery, submucosal removal or another tissue-preserving technique. The goal is to improve space while retaining the lining’s normal function.
Anaesthesia and recovery
Depending on the procedure, surgery may be performed under local or general anaesthesia. Nasal blockage, blood-stained discharge and swelling are common at first. Bruising is more likely after surgery on the nasal bones and can last one to two weeks; internal swelling can take longer to settle. Follow instructions about rinsing, splints, nose blowing, exercise and medication.
Risks and expectations
Possible complications include bleeding, infection, adhesions, a hole in the septum, altered smell, numbness, persistent blockage, asymmetry or dissatisfaction with appearance. Excessive removal of turbinate tissue can rarely contribute to long-term dryness and a paradoxical blocked sensation sometimes called empty nose syndrome. Revision surgery may be needed in some cases.
Results differ between individuals. The surgeon should explain what can realistically be improved, what cannot be guaranteed and whether functional and cosmetic goals require the same or separate treatment plans.
Important
This information is general and does not replace an individual medical assessment. Contact a doctor if symptoms are severe, sudden or persistent.
